Language Acquistion Essays - Language Acquisition, Linguistics

Language Acquistion Language obtaining is the way toward learning a local or a subsequent language. Albeit how kids figure out how to talk isn't completely seen, most clarifications include both the perception that kids duplicate what they hear and the derivation that people have a characteristic fitness for getting sentence structure. Kids ordinarily get familiar with the sounds and jargon of their local language through impersonation, and punctuation is rarely educated to them; that they quickly get the capacity to talk linguistically. This backings the hypothesis of Noam Chomsky (1959). that youngsters can gain proficiency with the syntax of a specific language since every single coherent language are established on a profound structure of general linguistic guidelines that compares to a natural limit of the human mind. Grown-ups learning a subsequent language go through a portion of similar stages, as do youngsters learning their local language. In the initial segment of this paper I will portray the procedure of language securing. The subsequent part will survey how newborn children react to discourse. Language Acquisition Language is multifaceted. It contains both verbal and non-verbal viewpoints that youngsters appear to secure rapidly. Before birth for all intents and purposes all the neurons (nerve cells) are framed, and they move into their legitimate areas in the mind in the newborn child. At the point when a child is conceived, it can see and hear and smell and react to contact, yet just faintly. The cerebrum stem, a crude district that controls fundamental capacities like heartbeat and breathing, has finished its wiring. Somewhere else the associations between neurons are wispy and powerless. Be that as it may, over the initial scarcely any long stretches of life, the cerebrum's higher focuses detonate with new neurotransmitters. This encourages a newborn child to be naturally arranged to confront the phases of language obtaining. As indicated by the course reading Child Development: A Thematic Approach, third Edition (D. Bukatko and M.W. Daehler, 1996, p. 252) there are four primary parts to language securing. These segments are phonology, semantics, language structure and pragmatics. Phonology is the investigation of how discourse sounds are sorted out and how they work. It is the principle phonetic achievement during the main year of life. The phonology of language alludes to principal sounds units and the standards for joining them. Every language has a specific number of sounds called phonemes. Phonemes are the littlest unit of sound that influences the significance of a word. Newborn children can distinguish many varieties of sounds. For instance, a newborn child who is a half year old can distinguish the contrast among mama and dad. A newborn child's first year is essentially getting messages yet in addition dealing with having the option to deliver messages. As they genuinely create newborn children structure the capacity to make sounds. A portion of these underlying sounds are cooing, vowel like articulations once in a while joined by consonants and chattering which are consonant-vowel mixes. During the initial a half year of life, physiological changes, for example, the state of oral cavity, tongue improvement, engine control of lips, and tooth emission, additionally occur that add to discourse advancement. One of the babies task is to distinguish phonemes. As indicated by the reading material (D.Bukatko the vacillations of the voice. For instance, raising your voice to pose an inquiry or bringing it down to tell the newborn child you are not kidding. This encourages newborn children to gain proficiency with the phonology of their language and sets them up for the following phase of realizing which is semanti cs. Semantics is the importance of words or blend of words. In the blink of an eye before babies have their first birthday celebration, they start to get words, and around that birthday, they begin to create them (Clark, 1993). Words are normally created in seclusion. This single word stage can last from two months to a year. Kids' first words are comparable everywhere throughout the planet. About a large portion of the words are for objects: food (juice, treat), body parts (eye, nose), garments (diaper, sock), vehicles (vehicle, vessel), toys (doll, square), and family unit things (bottle, light, creatures (pooch, kitty), and individuals (dada, child). Right now youngsters for the most part begin to utilize motions to point out an article or occasion characterized as protodeclarative correspondence. Protoimperative correspondence is the utilization of a motion to give a

National Drug Control Strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

National Drug Control Strategy - Essay Example Asides from the issue of medication maltreatment completely and the avoidance systems, theâ  President's National Drug Control Strategy has the treatment and recuperation vision for the recovering medication addicts (Whitehouse.gov, 2014). Worldwide associations, law requirement, awards and the job of the media are additionally part of the President’s National Drug Control Strategy.Asides from the issue of medication maltreatment completely and the counteraction techniques, theâ  President's National Drug Control Strategy has the treatment and recuperation vision for the recovering medication addicts (Whitehouse.gov, 2014). Worldwide associations, law implementation, awards and the job of the media are additionally part of the President’s National Drug Control Strategy. The National Drug Control Policy composed the foreword to the workplace of the leader of the Obama Administration. The National Drug Control Policy was attempting to place the negative impacts of medication maltreatment in the American Society (Whitehouse.gov, 2014). Besides, the forward additionally expects to place it into lucidity that the workplace of the president is attempting everything it can do to handle the issue if tranquilize misuse. The objective, which I think merits the most consideration in the battle against drugs in the American culture, is a network cooperation in the battle. Network inclusion is basic since it is in the various networks that the medications course. Should the network work connected at the hip with the law implementation organizations, at that point society would in the long run be a medication free society (Whitehouse.gov, 2014). Resultantly, the individuals would help in building up their particular social orders since drugs will in general crash the society’s workforce.

Reducing Stress and Avoiding Conflict With Difficult People

Reducing Stress and Avoiding Conflict With Difficult People Stress Management Relationship Stress Print How to Deal With Difficult People and Avoid Conflict By Elizabeth Scott, MS twitter Elizabeth Scott, MS, is a wellness coach specializing in stress management and quality of life, and the author of 8 Keys to Stress Management. Learn about our editorial policy Elizabeth Scott, MS Updated on June 28, 2019 Mixmike / Getty Images More in Stress Management Relationship Stress Effects on Health Management Techniques Situational Stress Job Stress Household Stress Research shows that supportive relationships are good for our mental and physical health. However, dealing with chronically difficult people and maintaining ongoing negative relationships can actually be detrimental to our health. The toll of the stress can affect us emotionally and physically. Because of this, it’s a good idea to diminish or eliminate relationships that are filled with conflict  whenever possible. But what do you do if the person in question is a family member, co-worker, or someone you otherwise can’t easily eliminate from your life? The following are tips for dealing with difficult people who are in your life, for better or for worse. Keep Conversations Neutral Avoid discussing divisive and personal issues, like religion and politics, or other issues that tend to cause conflict. If the other person tries to engage you in a discussion that will probably become an argument, change the subject or leave the room. If youre unsure of whether your conversation style is too assertive or not assertive enough, this quiz can help. Accept the Reality of Who They Are In dealing with difficult people, don’t try to change the other person; you will only get into a power struggle, cause defensiveness, invite criticism, or otherwise make things worse. It also makes you a more difficult person to deal with. Know Whats Under Your Control Change your response to the other person; this is all you have the power to change. For example, don’t feel you need to accept abusive behavior. Use assertive communication to draw boundaries when the other person chooses to treat you in an unacceptable way. Create Healthier Patterns Remember that most relationship difficulties are due to a dynamic between two people rather than one person being unilaterally bad. Chances are good that youre repeating the same patterns of interaction over and over; changing your response could get you out of this rut, and responding in a healthy way can improve your chances of a healthier pattern forming. Here’s a list of things to avoid in dealing with conflict. Do you do any of them? Also, here are some healthy communication skills to remember. See the Best In People Try to look for the positive aspects of others, especially when dealing with family, and focus on them. (Developing your optimism and reframing skills can help here!) The other person will feel more appreciated, and you will likely enjoy your time together more. Remember Who Youre Dealing With Seeing the best in someone is important; however, don’t pretend the other person’s negative traits don’t exist. Don’t tell your secrets to a gossip, rely on a flake, or look for affection from someone who isn’t able to give it. This is part of accepting them for who they are. Conflict and Stress in a Relationship Get Support Where You Can Find It Get your needs met from others who are able to meet your needs. Tell your secrets to a trustworthy friend whos a good listener, or process your feelings through journaling, for example. Rely on people who have proven themselves to be trustworthy and supportive, or find a good therapist if you need one. This will help you and the other person by taking pressure off the relationship and removing a source of conflict. Let Go Or Get Space If You Need It Know when it’s time to distance yourself and do so. If the other person can’t be around you without antagonizing you, minimizing contact may be key. If they’re continually abusive, its best to cut ties and let them know why. Explain what needs to happen if there ever is to be a relationship, and let it go. (If the offending party is a boss or co-worker, you may consider switching jobs.) Tips: Try not to place blame on yourself or the other person for the negative interactions. It may just be a case of your two personalities fitting poorly.Remember that you dont have to be close with everyone; just being polite goes a long way toward creating harmony.Work to maintain a sense of humor â€" difficulties will roll off your back much more easily. Shows like The Office,  Modern Family and books like David Sedaris Naked can help you see the humor in the dealing with difficult people, especially if theyre people you love.Be sure to cultivate other more positive relationships in your life to offset the negativity that these challenging relationships can bring. How to Deal With Relationship Aggression

Hpv Vaccine, The Cochrane Library, And Google Scholar

The literature search for this review was conducted using several databases including CINAHL, PubMed, the Cochrane Library, and Google Scholar. Search terms included â€Å" human papillomavirus vaccine†, â€Å" human papillomavirus†, â€Å"HPV†, â€Å" human papillomavirus safety and effectiveness†, â€Å"human papillomarvirus vaccination rates†, â€Å"HPV randomized controlled trials and systematic reviews†. Since licensure of the HPV vaccine in 2006, HPV vaccine coverage among US adolescents has increased but remains low compared with other recommended vaccines. Studies show that the influence of accurate information about vaccines is maximized when conveyed from provider to parent or patient and for parents, healthcare providers such as physicians or†¦show more content†¦In response to this serious health issue, more than 20 years of incremental research culminated in the development of HPV vaccines that elicit strong immunoge nic reactions without the risk of causing infection. A review of the literature has revealed that persistent infection with an oncogenic strain of HPV is the known cause of cervical cancer and of the 40 HPV types that affect the genital area, at least 15 types are known to be oncogenic or cancer causative (Armstrong, 2010). Based on clinical trials, HPV vaccination is effective against the occurrence of precancerous lesions and according to Armstrong (2010), studies of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine revealed a 98% protection against high-grade precancerous lesions, whereas for bivalent HPV vaccine 93% efficacy has been demonstrated in females to HPV 16 and 18 who completed the 3-dose vaccine series prior to engaging in any type of sexual actitivities. Cook et al (2010), acknowledges that there is no research available on long term efficiency of vaccines and also not everyone who initiates the vaccine series completes all 3 doses or completes all doses in the recommended 6-month ti me frame; this noncompliance and

The Aviation Branch Of The U.s. Army - 1513 Words

The Aviation Branch of the U.S. Army, as we know it today, did not exist at the turn of the 1800 to 1900 centuries. The military did use a Balloon Corps and Detachment for the Civil and Spanish-American Wars respectfully. However, the Army deactivated both organizations after their usage in the campaigns. These artillery spotters and reconnoiters were helpful. However, the leadership did not see a usage for them outside of war. Therefore, it would take someone understanding the potential of air power to open a door for its peacetime usage. This occurred with the birth of the Signal Corps. The U.S. Army Signal Corps On July 1, 1891, congress established the U.S. Army Signal Corps (Layman and Mooney, 1944, p. 2). Understanding the use of balloons in prior wars, the Chief of the Signal Corps felt aviation was an activity that should fall in his corps realm and he petitioned for congressional concurrence. The only issue was congress would make no such acknowledgement. As early as 1892, the Signal Corps began purchasing balloons (Fredriksen, 2011, p. 1). BG Gully and his successor as the Chief of the Signal Corps, BG Allen, kept providing reports on the significance of aviation operations to the military. Initially the gentlemen envisioned a means to communicate being greatly enhanced. Two inventions at the turn of the century would contribute to these beliefs but also make it hard for them to plead their case. With telegraphy and airplanes both being invented,Show MoreRelatedThe Eruption Of The Korean War Era1671 Words   |  7 Pagesabrupt requirement for the exp ansion of aviation. Helicopters and the Army were very limited in their capabilities, acquisitions of aircraft, laws in place, and industry could not keep up with the demand. These limitations ultimately were overcome because the need was required during the war. Army Aviation saw expansions of their force structure and how operations were conducted on the battlefield. The Aviation Center at Fort Rucker, Alabama was created to train Army aviators in flight training as wellRead MoreA Report On Flight Training1026 Words   |  5 Pagesteaching flying skills in a controlled environment that is normally too dangerous, or costly to acquire through the use of an actual aircraft. The U.S. Air Force and Army typically use simulators to safely train new Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) operators on critical tasks performed for proficiency and certification without the use of costly flyable aviation resources. Research has discovered there is a lack of conventional standardized training for any of the armed services, but an inter-service roadmapRead MoreBilly Mitchell : An American Hero1467 Words   |  6 Pagesborn in Nice, France in 1879 to a U.S. Senator. He grew up in Wisconsin and enlisted in the Signal Corp in the U.S. Army at the age of 18. Due to his father s influence in the government he quickly earned a commission as an officer. He served in Cuba, the Philippines, and Alaska until his eventual appointment to the general staff. At the time, he was the youngest member of the general staff at the age of 32. During this time, he became highly interested in aviation. He was one of the first peopleRead MoreAviation Technology And Its Development Essay1285 Words   |  6 Pagescentury. In the interwar period, the air forces and general aviation in Europe and the United States developed their technology and airpower in exponential proportions. Technology is the most significant influence on the development of the air forces and airpower. New technologies of aviat ion affect the future of the air forces creating new possibilities in the three levels of war; create new challenges of the implementation of aviation technology and its development; and lead to the consolidationRead MoreThe United States Army And Selective Service Essay1512 Words   |  7 PagesThe United States Army has been the underdogs of the military branch. The United States Army is probably the hardest working branch of the military, but also the least sought after. To the general public they are not considered to be at the top of the spectrum amongst the other branches of military. The government has helped in creating a bias within the branches of military by making the standards to get into the military so low compared to some of the other branches. The Army should be consideredRead MoreCompare and Contrast of the Army and the Marines Essay example1004 Words   |  5 PagesCompare and Contrast of the Army and the Marine Corps Gary W. McCoy ENG 121 Julie Alfaro November 1, 2010 Compare and Contrast of the Army and the Marine Corps The United States Armed Forces are the military forces of the United States. They consist of the Army, Navy, Marine Corps, Air Force, and the Coast Guard. Although the United States Army and Marine Corps are both primarily ground- based forces and offer many similar career fields, the two branches are different in some very crucialRead MoreThe Army Profession1228 Words   |  5 Pagesnot consider the Army as a profession but a way of life. Some think the word profession belongs to everyday jobs like a plumber, mechanic, or doctor. Dr. Don M. Snider stated â€Å"the Army is a profession because of the expert work it produces, because the people in the Army develop themselves to be professionals, and because the Army certifies them as such† (Snider, D. M. 2008). In October 2010, the Secretary of the Army directed the Training and Doctrine Command (TRADOC) to lead an Army wide assessmentRead MoreMy Life With A Good Guy Who Catches The Bad Guys1691 Words   |  7 Pagesstay in shape. I want to have a healthy life and body, also most importantly I wanted disciple in myself. I went to a recruiter and took the sample test for the army; did not do so well, but I was able to study and take it again. In the middle of my fourth quarter of school I was very curious about the other branches. There are Marines, Army, Navy, and Air Force; my sister then join the marines as she is a poolee right now waiting to be shipped for boot camp. I’ve met plenty of people that use to beRead MoreWorld War II The Greatest Military Powers At The Time1739 Words   |  7 Pageshappened during The Manhattan Project. The Department of Energy’s purpose was to provide and maintain safe, secure, and reliable nuclear weapons. They also looked over the research, design, development, testing, manufacture, surveillance, and disposal of U.S. nuclear weapons. This showed that during the period of the Cold War the creation of the nuclear bomb changed the traditional way of war an d established a high standard of war by the United States having possession of the most dangerous weapon. InitiallyRead MoreInformation Tech3113 Words   |  13 PagesSeptember 11, 2013 By Timothy Hale, U.S. Army Reserve Command Chief Warrant Officer 5 Phyllis J. Wilson, the U.S. Army Reserve command chief warrant officer, shared what she sees as the top five qualities: strong character, strong leadership skills, technical savvy, across the board competence, and the capacity to be a counselor, adviser and mentor. We want some of the best NCOs to come into the Army warrant officer corps, Wilson said. Youve got to be extremely good at your skill set: being

School life Free Essays

Every day seems never- ending. It feels like if we were at school a thousand hours instead of eight. Routine is heavy, always doing the same, waking up at 7 am then going to school at 8 am. We will write a custom essay sample on School life or any similar topic only for you Order Now After that we have to survive boring teachers and useless subjects for the next seven or eight hours with only a few breaks between them. Once we arrive home all we want to do is sleep. But no, we can ‘t, we got to do our homework. Teachers think we do not have enough at school so they give us work to do at home. It seems like a Joke. We have no time for our interests or hobbies such as arts like learning how to play an instrument, learning to paint or draw or whatever we want to do. Our schedule is full of things. Most of them have to do with school. All what I have said is what a student would say if I call him right now, but if he took some seconds to think, he would realize school give us lots of possibilities. Thanks to school is that we’ve got friends. Students often said things such as â€Å"Hey teachers, you know we have a social life, don ‘t you? † that ‘s that ‘s very rough, they (school) gave us the possibility of having a social life. Of course we got one outside school! Personally, I think that we must stay positive and see the great things school life offers. Yes, it’s kind of tough but also it will be our work life. That ‘s school life porpoise, to prepared us for what is coming ext. Yes, I will not discuss sometimes It is boring, but remember all the time you laugh at school, with your friends and why not with your teachers too. School life Is hard, but it’s a good thing. Nelson Mandela once said: â€Å"Education Is the most powerful weapon which you can use to change the world. † And he Is correct. Education is the key to success, and by â€Å"success† I do not only mean being a great doctor or businessman but also to reach happiness. How to cite School life, Papers

SEX EDUCATION Essay Example For Students

SEX EDUCATION Essay Word Count: 1228 Thesis: should be taught in middle schools to make our children aware and help them with decisions in the future. Audience: All District #150 Personnel SEX EDUCATION Essay should be taught in middle schools to make our children aware and help them with decisions in the future. When children enter middle school many of them are going through adolescent changes. This school district needs to help educate these hormone raging teens about sex education. Not only will this program teach sex education, it will also give teens the chance to ask questions and receive help if they are in a sexual situation. District #150 makes up about three quarters the schools in Peoria and if you make room for a sex education program to help your students, many other schools will follow your example. You can help stop teen sex at an early age with guidance. With a sex education program in your curriculum, you will see success in the students lives and notice a change in attitude toward the opposite sex. As you walk down the middle school hallways, you see more young teenage girls that are pregnant. Many of these girls knew the chances of getting pregnant without using a condom, but really they didnt care. According to Faye Wattleton, the staggering rates and devastating consequences of teen pregnancy in America are well document (Wattleton 51). It seems clear that many of the girls are unaware of the results of having unprotected sexual intercourse. These girls and even young men should be given the opportunity to learn about the outcomes of sex. When a teenage girl is making out with her boyfriend and things start to grow intense, most just go along with sex because they think nothing will happen. With this program you can help decrease more than 1,000,000 US teenagers becoming pregnant each year, intentionally (Donavon 28). Helping find the answer to a problem is a start, but solving the task takes time. Pregnancy is a major effect when young teens have unprotected sex but diseases also are being transferred between parties. With the HIV/AIDS virus and STDs like Gonorrhea, spreading throughout the state, District #150 middles schools should be aware of the symptoms. When I was in middle school we had a very small discussion on sex education. Truthfully, I remember very little because the program was very brief When I entered high school we had a little better explanation about diseases but I was still clue less. Maybe if we taught these middle school students the effects and showed the pictures of affected people, they might actually consider using protection. Debra Haffner states, 95% of adults want HIV/AIDS education to their children (Haffner 54). I talked to a teacher, Candace Walrath, at Broadmoor Junior High, and she has her students do an STD activity. Two students, male and female, are given a half glass of water. Each student pours their half into the partners cup and vice versa, sharing body fluids, just like unprotected sexual intercourse (Walrath). Then the student break up and performs the experiment with a different partner. The more information you teach about the diseases caused by unprotected sex, the more teens will think before having unprotected sex. Diseases can change the minds of young teenagers but there are many different types of protection they should be aware of so there is an option if sexual intercourse happens. I know my high school health teacher told me about condoms and birth control but most teens are scared to ask about these contraceptives. Young teens think that if they ask about condoms or birth control, questions about having sex will come to the adults mind. At Planned Parenthood free condoms are given to sexually active teens and even birth control methods. Places like these are good for these teens because confidentiality, is a must with sexual active teenagers. (YM, Love). Your school can help by making the students aware of these places. Even if your program shows a teem how to use a condom, telling them places to get them will lead to a higher use of protection. Hate Crime Prevention Act Essay A YM survey states that 41% of teens dont know why they didnt use protection (YM Love). Students need to know their options so they can use protection. Teach these students that if they do decide to have sex, there are ways to prevent diseases and pregnancy but where is the respect in a sexual situation. .

Nationalism in World War II

Siddharthas Self-Discovery Experiences essays

Siddhartha's Self-Discovery Experiences essays "Siddhartha," a novel by Hermann Hesse, can be viewed as an expression of metaphorical writing. This unique novel is focused on the trials of Siddhartha through his journey for enlightenment. The experiences of Siddhartha strive to teach real-life lessons and can easily apply to someone in the same situation. Each obstacle that Siddhartha goes through teaches him different lessons and progresses him further into finding himself. Throughout the novel, Siddhartha faces countless difficulties. Born from a Brahmin family, he chooses to leave and end up a Samana and live a life of poverty, for which it was hard for him to adapt. Determined to reach enlightenment, Siddhartha embraces the hardships of the Samana lifestyle. During the first stage of the journey, Siddhartha meets new people and learns new things, but it still wasnt enough to satisfy his hunger. As time passes, Siddhartha finds interest in a woman named Kamala. The woman tells Siddhartha that he has to become wealthy to have her, so he dedicates his life to pursuing Kamala. Kamala helps Siddhartha by sending him to a wealthy man who helps him achieve his potential goal. For a moment, it appears as if his separation from the world arrives at an end when he acquires Kamala, who teaches him about affection. Siddhartha lives happily for a while but just as before, he starts to feel as if he has lost himself again. At this point materialism, makes a substantial impact on his life. Kamala unintentionally makes wealth and materialism a portion of Siddharthas lifestyle, causing him to stray from his Samana lifestyle. This time around Siddhartha is pushed to the brink of suicide. At this moment Siddhartha remembers the peaceful phrase Om and en ters meditation. During meditation, Siddhartha seems to find himself again and enter the first stage of enlightenment. Siddhartha then comes back to his senses and decides not to commit suicide. Now with a fresh mind, Siddhartha...

Theory of Justice Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Theory of Justice Analysis - Essay Example One is known as principle of liberty and the other as principle of difference. First Principle presented by Rawls The first principle of Rawls states that each and every person has equal rights to obtain all the basic necessities of life. Moreover, everyone should be allowed to practice whatever he or she wants as long as he or she stays within the established rules and regulations. According to Rawls, citizens should have basic freedom. It is the right of every citizen to vote for anyone and to run their businesses with ease. The tradition of rich people dominating the poor ones should be written off immediately. Furthermore, it is important that the citizens must have freedom of speech and should have the right to raise their voice against any sort of injustice or corruption. It has been noticed, in unfair societies, that properties of ordinary citizens are taken by the powerful citizens through unlawful means. This is something which cannot be justified whatsoever. People should h ave the liberty to own their personal properties and live in peace without the fear of anyone. Rawl also highlighted the importance of ethics within a nation. He argued that in order to maintain peace and prosperity in a nation it is essential that people are given the ‘liberty of conscience’ (Rawls, 1971). This would avoid hatred among the citizens and everyone will be able to live happily. Second Principle presented by Rawls In the second law of justice, Rawl mentioned that the citizens should be given equal opportunities to excel and prejudice should be discouraged. The selection of a person in an organization should totally be based upon merit. This will not only give the poor people an opportunity to sustain but would also help to improve the economy of the country. This will ensure that the most skilful people are selected which will in turn lead to more efficient results in the long term. Ethical Principles Beneficence Beneficence refers to the ability to acknowl edge what is good. An ethical perspective always aims to indicate the right thing to do. The principle of beneficence also resembles the principle of utility which stresses on maximization of good. Least Harm Least Harm is very much similar to beneficence, but it deals with situations where nothing favorable or positive is possible (Barton, & Karen, 1999). For such situations, the individual must choose the option that is least harmful. From the possible options left, he should go for the thing which will harm the fewest number of people. This principle aims to minimize damage for the whole society. Respect for Autonomy This principle allows people the freedom to make decisions of their lives. People should have the liberty to express their emotions in a manner they like without harming other members of the society. Justice Justice states that all the ethical theories should be based upon equality in order to judge a person. This means that all the decisions that are made should be made without any prejudice. All the decisions must be made without differentiating on the basis of color, caste, or creed. There should be a logical justification for all the decisions taken, especially when one is found guilty (Braithwaite, 1989). Ethical Theories Deontology Deontological theories are normative theories that reflect the character of a person. These theories characterize actions as right or wrong without taking into account the consequences of those actions. Deontological the

Pegasus CEO Sets the Tone Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Pegasus CEO Sets the Tone - Case Study Example Indeed, barring serious acts of omission and commission, activities and behavior that does not adversely impact stakeholders’ interests are ethically correct and morally right. In the current case, using agents is right because the China’s culture vastly differs with that of the developed nations. Hence, while corruption may not be a big thing there, Oswald’s perception represent Western outlook. He must understand that subverting legal clause slightly on the wider interests of its stakeholders is need of the hour. Wireless technology of Pegasus would benefit millions of its customers in China while ensuring good financial returns for itself. Oswald should take the services of agents who have better understanding of China’s legal constraints and bureaucratic process to establish their presence in China. Indeed, by using agents, he would neither be compromising his or company’s ethical parameters nor directly getting involved in an unlawful activity. Hence, he should go ahead in his expansion plan to China. U.S standards of ethical behavior can only be applied and complied in other countries if it adversely impacts its international clients or organizations. The department of Justice, the American legal department or Sarbanes Oxley Act of good corporate governance all work within the broader parameters of national interests or are constrained by geographical entities of national sovereignty across the world. Thus, when businesses expand their interests across geographical boundaries, they must comply with the legal and administrative framework of the host country. In this case, credibility of Pegasus is not comprised because of any ethical, legal or administrative faux pas. CEO, Oswald of Pegasus is just following the norms as set by its precedent businesses which have used agents who are better equipped to deal with the authorities in

Empirical Analysis On The 7ps Of Pizza Hut Marketing Essay

Empirical Analysis On The 7ps Of Pizza Hut Marketing Essay Abstract and aim By using personal survey questionnaire, 150-200 students of City University of Hong Kong will be asked, in order to find out the competitive advantage of Pizza hut and compare with Spaghetti House for places to buy food in names and addresses from Hong Kong Island, Kowloon and New Territories. Addresses were area code to census tracts. Based on individual factors are traditional explanations for the inability of some people to change dietary habits. This study examines the food service by Pizza Hut and its competitive advantages over Spaghetti House Aim This work aims to find out the successful factor of other competitors and to provide suggestions and evidences in order to increase the sales and profits of Pizza Hut by improve Pizza Huts services and its competitive advantages. Background / outline Hong Kong is an international city. There are seven million residents and lots of tourists would love to shop in Hong Kong thus there are different social cultures exist including diet habit. Foreign food is playing an important role in Hong Kong to suit customers different needs. There are a lot of western restaurant in Hong Kong such as, Spaghetti House, McDonalds, Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) and Pizza Hut etc. Lots of people especially teenagers like Pizza Hut very much, they love to eat western foods, so Pizza Hut attracts a bulk amount of regular customer for a long period. Pizza Hut is an American famous restaurant chain, offering different styles of pizza along with side dishes including pasta, buffalo wings, breadsticks, and garlic bread, Pizza Hut is a subsidiary of Yum! Brands, Inc., the worlds largest restaurant company, with approximately 34,000 restaurants, delivery-carry out units, kiosks in 100 countries. Pizza Hut has been serving Hong Kong for almost 30 years. The first Pizza Hut restaurant opened in Hong Kong in 1981 with its first delivery service began in 1992, while the business of Pizza Hut is still increasing every year. Since 1987, Hong Kong Pizza Hut franchise has owned by the Jardine Matheson Group. At present, Hong Kong Pizza Hut has a total of over 70 branches and more than 3000 employees. The main competitor of Pizza Hut is Spaghetti House. Spaghetti House is also a famous western restaurant in Hong Kong. The menu of Spaghetti House is similar to Pizza Hut; its target market is a little different from Pizza Hut. Pizza Hut vs Spaghetti House  ¼Ã… ½Which one is more famous?  ¼Ã… ½Which one do customers prefer?  ¼Ã… ½Which products are more competitive? We hope to find the answer during this project. In this project, well analyze the 7Ps of market strategies of Pizza Hut and take the personal survey in order to find out the competitive advantage of Pizza Hut and the comparison with Spaghetti House in Hong Kong. More, we can also know that which one is better and more famous. Secondly, we focus on physical evidences from customers opinions to improve the environments of both restaurants. Finally, we refer to the result gained from questionnaires to make the recommendations and suggest new marketing strategies to Pizza Hut for the improvement. Objective and research questions Study the demographics of target customers Determine which attributes of pizza are the most important to the customers Determine the preference of product package by the customers Determine the acceptance of new products by our target customers Identify the purchase behavior of the customers Identify which promotion channels are the most effective Measure the satisfactory level of customers towards Pizza Hut Critical Literature Review Western fast food chains development and impact in Asia Majority scholar to believe food is more affected by culture to restrict in consumption product. As far as relatively other products concerned, that is more difficult to change the customers behavior such as U.S breakfasts manufacturer Kelloggs to spend 20 years time in Japan, ability success to entry use as major rice and kelp soup make breakfast of consumption market. Some country and district such as Japan and Hong Kongs children as regards coke, pizza and spaghetti etc foreign countrys food never again, but that local food is accompany children to grow and combine in local culture. From the above, Pizza Hut can identify market opportunities and develop targeted promotion plans. Therefore, research and development professionals stay on HK of competitor initiatives and explore demand for fast food products. Advertising agencies working with clients in the food industries understand the product buyer to develop messages and images that compel consumers to purchase Italian food products. Business development executives understand the dynamics of the market and identify possible partnerships. Finally, information and research center librarians provide market researchers, brand and product managers and other colleagues with the vital information they need to do their jobs more effectively. A 360 ° View of Fast Food and Impulse Habits Here has huge market growth potential for manufacturers and retailers to development in fast food chains and fast food services. According to the ACNielsen survey result, citizens average monthly purchase frequency in fast food, impulse food and drinks is around 20. Monthly Purchase Frequency for Impulse Food and Drinks in Hong Kong In addition, in a global consumer survey conducted over the Internet by ACNielsen in October 2004, 30 percent of Asia Pacific consumers claimed to eat takeaway at least once a week, closely behind the US (33%). As the result, eight of global top tens fast food consumption market from Asia Pacific, and Hong Kong ranks is the worlds No.1, have a fast food than traditional 26% higher than the United States , hard upon is Malaysia (59%) and the Philippines is 54%, 12% said never again to eat fast food, have 35% eat fast food even more. ACNielsens data also showed that although in the United States have 97% of adults do not mind eat fast food, but this data has also been Asia exceeded. From this result, fast food culture can popular in Hong Kong is about the Hong Kong peoples to demand fast and convenient lifestyle. Many people require swift and convenient, hurried cadence of life may not have time to cook at home, it affects our lifestyle, make to popularity of fast food culture in Hong Kong. As the same time because of the convenient location, the price is cheaper. In additional, because may about Hong Kong peoples personality, most are not satisfied to spend too much time on waiting. However, teenagers usually to eating fast food more during the noon or after school. While an adults to eat breakfast is out of home that provides an opportunity for suppliers and retailers. So, fast food culture is the most sales in Hong Kong. Top 10 Global Markets for Weekly Fast Food Consumption Hong Kong 61% Malaysia 59% Philippines 54% Singapore 50% Thailand 44% China 41% India 37% US 35% Australia 30% New Zealand 29% Source: ACNielsen Online Survey, October 2004 Modeling repurchases frequency and customer satisfaction for fast food outlets In this competition environment of Hong Kong, leading the company is necessary customer that requires spending many resources to enhance customer loyalty and satisfaction with the company. Therefore, the company need understanding what factor is affect customers behavior and satisfaction, and then try to improve the customer services quality in the fast food industry, thus help make more loyalty customers. Improving service quality has become one of the most important strategies a service provider can use to differentiate itself from its competitors and thus position itself more effectively in the marketplace (Cronin and Taylor, 1992). Rust and Oliver (1994) suggested that quality is one dimension on which satisfaction is based. Although many studies provide a theoretical basis for studying the relationship between waiting time, consumer satisfaction and return frequency, they have failed to investigate the relationship between waiting time and the return frequency. The aim of this study is to investigate the impact of waiting time and other service quality factors on customer satisfaction and return frequency in the fast food industry. As waiting time appears to be a vital factor of the services in fast food operations, therefore, fast food industry is chosen for our research purpose. Based on a survey of fast food outlets, we formulate a repurchase frequency model and a satisfaction model. The repurchase frequency model describes the relationship between the number of return visits and service quality factors including waiting time. The overall satisfaction model describes the relationship between the customers overall satisfaction level, the waiting time and other service quality factors. These models will help managers to identify root causes for customer satisfaction and loyalty and thus enable them to make focused improvements in critical areas to improve profitability. Hong Kong fast food culture Hong Kong is a delicacies paradise, and also is a fast food paradise, various Chinese and Western fast food restaurant at Hong Kong everywhere, lunch take-out to office are also has good idea or business. Hong Kong fast cadence of life, high working performance, many things have to stress efficiency and effectiveness of demand. It is because fast food more emphasize fast, therefore many foods have prepared cooked and heating for consumers. So, fast food culture offers fast and convenient especially popular for peoples. Nowadays, the purposes to co-operate for healthy fashion, fast food already changed into emphasize foods quality and sustenance, many foods have consumer to pay or order then start cook. Therefore, foods will more fresh and higher quality than prepared cooked. At the other hard, fast food chain to be particular about decoration than before, show the high class and city lifestyle; Detrude of fast-food restaurants in recent years, hot pot, iron meals and other food types, making customers to stay longer in the fast-food restaurants, but also because of the fast-food restaurants to make food choices many more customers are willing to patronize fast food restaurants. A financial tsunami to assist development fast food industry Although global financial tsunami cause economic recession, but fast food always is catering trades exotic flowers, Pizza Hut, Burger King, McDonalds and Kentucky Fried Chicken (KFC) these fast food chains have grow a business volume in this period. Cafà © De Coral, Pizza Hut etc. also want to development this period. Due to economic crisis affected unemployment and so on reason, thus affected consumers confidence. However, relatives enhance of fast foods attraction, increasing peoples in order to save times or money abandoned traditional restaurant meals, and tend to choice fast food. Therefore, fast food chain has obtained more market. Form the above; Pizza Hut should continue its diversification strategy to gain more market share. It should incorporate or develop healthier food include low-carbohydrate pizzas to satisfy the needs of different customer. If it is able to stay ahead of the competition in this aspect, they will have a strong competitive advantage over other companies. Service quality in the fast food industry Service quality has become a predominant part of all advanced organizations strategic plans. Increasing attention paid to service quality has resulted in more progress and profit for organizations. At an international marketing level, in a struggle for a share of market, managers have to understand and know how to modify their operations for success in the various cultures of Hong Kong. From the above reason, can organization provide good service; staffs quality and skills have important influence. Therefore, enhance staff with the training and improve the quality of services, Including improves the quality of staff and customer service and provide effective services such as staff is advised to review the guests a la carte in order to reduce opportunities for error, the menu and dishes can be coded to facilitate data input, restaurant customers should be informed in advance of waiting or cooking time and adoption a recognized service standards and guidelines etc. These can be satisfying consumers needs and attraction their have to patronize. Research methods/ Methodologies Category Options The degree to which the research question has been crystallized 1. Exploratory study 2. Formal study The method of data collection Monitoring Communication Study The power of the researcher to produce effects in the variables under study Experimental Ex post facto The purpose of the study Reporting Descriptive Causal-Explanatory The time dimension Cross-sectional Longitudinal The topical scope Breadth and depth of the study Case Statistical study The research environment Field setting Simulation The participants perceptional awareness of the research activity Actual routine The main purpose of our study is needed to find out the comparison of Pizza Hut and Spaghetti house. We need to collect the primary data and secondary data to analysis Pizza Huts 7Ps mainly. (Product, Price, Place, Promotion, People, Process and Physical environment) First, we collect the secondary data from internet to know backgrounds, histories, objective, and the annual reports of Pizza Hut and Spaghetti House etc. Then, we collect other useful information on the internet. Afterwards, we go to libraries to find books such as population information and literature. After that, we use Self- Administered Surveys (Intercept and computer) and Personal Interview (Questionnaire) to collect the primary data. Indeed that information is related to our objective. To collect primary data, we will design a set of questionnaire about 7Ps. The method is taken by samples in Hong Kong (different regions in Hong Kong, Kowloon and New Territory). The proportion will be 60:80:60, a half of male and female. It can be avoided unfair saturation. The sample size will be 200 that it can be reduced bias. The age distribution limits are 10 to 40. Our survey method is face-to-face interview, after the interview well give them a gift. (Such as coupon) We can understand Pizza Huts competitive advantage through information and make the recommendations on new market strategies for Pizza Hut for further improvement. However, we have limited information in secondary data. In conclude, our information mainly come from primary data. Secondary data is collected from other peoples or organizations, general major secondary datas sources are internet and daily, moreover including survey, census and companys records. However, the primary data is reversing the secondary data, its major used in survey research works. Secondary datas advantages is save more collect datas time, because many background work may carried out or complete, such as some reviews and case studies was carried out, statistics and published book may used to media promotion. And about the secondary datas disadvantages, because the data sources not every is trusty, even authorities data may undependable. Secondary data can be obtained from two different research strands Quantitative and Qualitative. Quantitative included housing, social security, census and other related databases. Qualitative included focus groups transcripts, observation records, structured interviews, semi-structured, research-related documents and other personal. Any required respondent to complete the questionnaire by oneself is referred to as a self-administered survey. The most survey method is via use internet, fax, newspaper and e-mail, or via restaurant and shops feedback form. According to this self-administered survey is require some inaccurately questionnaire considerations, because have some respondent may cause sensitive question or other special reason thus to indiscriminate answer the questions. Self-administered surveys advantage is using anonymous form to answer the questionnaire, thus make the questionnaires answer have more effective and true. At the other hard, can make respondent more convenient to answer, and can eliminate the bias, the cost is more than telephone and personal interview cheaper. However, the most of self-administered survey also not actual to control who to answer questionnaire, the respondent may read other part of respondents answer, thus affect their feedback. A personal interview is one of direct research method that allows face to face conversation between an interviewer and the respondent at home, in shopping centers or everywhere. The use of personal interviews provides interviewers with opinions, and the process of interaction via understanding. Personal interviews allow analyses of thoughts, attitudes, behaviors, and opinions that have a high level of content validity (Babbie, 2006). Personal interviews are an appropriate qualitative data collection methodology in a variety of settings including exploration of issues in sensitive areas such as internal agency evaluations or internal agency satisfaction studies. Personal interviews allow participants to share qualitative information in a manner that allows freer expression of ideas and opinions. Advantages of personal interviews: 1. Qualitative data obtained from small sample. 2. Rapport leads to fewer refusals. 3. In-depth answers possible. 4. Observation improves accuracy. Disadvantage of personal interviews: 1. Invasion of privacy. 2. Interviewer bias. 3. Cost: Professional Interviewer expensive. 4. People not at home. 5. Can be slow and time consuming. 6. Postal surveys: Distributing or mailing door to door a written questionnaire to a sample of buyers for their completion at home or at work. Project Plan/Gantt Chart

Essay --

Introduction This report will introduce a five star hotel of ‘ice world’ that is located in Zermatt, Switzerland. In addition, this essay will also introduce a business plan of the ‘ice world’ that includes business background, business goals, website goals and competitor websites. The main point of this report is to analyse the environment of target audiences and website competitors to find the website target market. Also research needs to be undertaken to find what kind of service suits customers of website tasks and to make a decision of how to design the website page templates, making page contents and tools. Moreover, the analysis process intends to increase marketing techniques and market share. Business Background Zermatt has 29 mountains around the little town, which has the best ice resort in the world and where local people can ski all year around. ‘Ice world’ is built in the middle of the Alps Mountain range and has 70 rooms that include 30 deluxe rooms and 15 presidential suites. There are also luxurious entertainment facilities in the ice hotel, such as an ice bar, massage service and spa, so that customers can enjoy their relaxation time. In addition, the restaurant also has a variety of food from around the world that can make customers feel at home. The hotel has 90 professional staff and provides the best industry standard of service to customers in this particular ice hotel. Business Goals The most important business goals are to increase market share and develop the benefit of the hotel, such as using the power of internet and social media to increase hotel popularity and build strong brands of the hotel. Although, respect of customer’s cultures is a vital part of hotel atmosphere, especially for internationa... ...tion from Internet. Use internet to reserve a room is very common to see, (Musante, Bojanic & Zhang, 2009) and it’s a good chance for hotel to advertising and increase market share. Our website has include some popular social media links that could help hotels to increase reputation and customers also can visit our websites in a very convenience way. Conclusion This report has shown that business goals, the objectives of a hotel’s website that with the two main competitors, comparative analysis of what’s do customers need and want. In addition, this report also displayed the features details of a hotel, and how it’s shown on the hotel's website. In conclusion, it’s introduced the some ways of treat people to view our hotel’s website, and how to increase people's interest. Moreover, these programs could help the hotel to achieve their goals, objectives and target.

Expansion of Islam during the Medieval Period Essay

The development of Islam in world history has resulted in major political, economic, and military ramifications, not only in the Islamic world, but also in the global community at that period. Only decades following the first recitations of the Qur’an by Prophet Muhammad, a vast empire of the Islam religion can be traced from the Atlantic Ocean going all the way to Central Asia in the east. Islam has expanded greatly indeed during the Medieval Era. This new global order has massive implications, and resulted into various wars, and states and governments fought with each other and outside forces. Despite counter-revolutions in the spread of the religion, Islam continued to gain ground in the vast regions of Africa, the India, and Southeast Asia. The Islamic civilization was indeed one of the most highly developed in the world during the Medieval Era, which was later on exceeded by the Europe empires with the economic and military growth of the West. The advancement of Islam during the Medieval period was great and notable, as the religion that is fairly young grew to be one of the most dominant world religions even today, with an estimated more than 1 billion follower, second only in size to Christianity. The preceding paragraphs shall be the historical account of this rise of the Islam religion. Islam religion: Brief Overview The Islamic tradition finds its origins from the teachings of their prophet Muhammad during the 7th Century. Consisting of more than a billion followers all over the world, Islam can be said to be the 2nd biggest of all the world religions. The most holy text of Islam is the Quran, which is believed to have been given to Muhammad by God, or Allah. This religion also recognizes Moses and Jesus as prophets, and regard their teachings as important, which would account for certain parallelisms with world religions such as Christianity. The Islamic life is basically guided by the Five Pillars, which prescribes certain aspects of life and forms their culture and traditions. Believing in a single God whom Muslims would call Allah, most of the Quranic teachings are even used as laws of states that have Islam as the state religion. Like Christianity, the teachings of Jesus are one viewed with high regard; but for Islam, Jesus is a prophet rather than God, hence they reject the Trinity concept. Muslims follow certain codes of conduct, like the daily requirement of praying for a number of times a day and a strict diet, like the refusal to ingest pork. The church of Islam is called the Mosque, wherein like all other religions, certain rituals are being conducted. The history in the medieval era: Rise of the caliphate (632–750) Before starting his move to Medina, where he migrated, Muhammad commenced his teaching of Islam at the holy city of Mecca, and achieved the goal of uniting the Arabian tribes of Arabia into a unified Arab Muslim religious polity. Following the death of Muhammad during the year of 632, there were rising conflicts in the Islamic community on who would succeed him as leader of the community. Nominated to obtain such position was Abu Bakr, who was one of the closest people and collaborator to Muhammad; his name was raised by Umar ibn al-Khattab, also Muhammad’s companion. Abu Bakr was then became the first â€Å"caliph†, as his leadership gained great support. Although his leadership walso experience some opposition who would support another person in the name of Ali ibn Abi Talib, is argued to be a designated successor. The avengement of a defeat in war by the Byzantine forces was made one of the first agenda, although the Ridda wars, or â€Å"Wars of Apostasy†, which was an Arab tribe rebellion, were the first acts of Abu Bakr. The territory of the Caliphate in 750 Umar succeeded as the caliph, when Abu Bakr passed away in the year 634, which was then followed respectively by Uthman ibn al-Affan and Ali ibn Abi Talib, and these first four leaders where dubbed as the al-khulafa’ ar-rashidun or Rightly Guided Caliphs. Under their collective leadership, the Islamic territory saw continual expansion into Persian and Byzantine empires. When Umar was assassinated in 644, the election of Uthman as successor was met with increasing opposition. In 656, Uthman was also killed, and Ali assumed the position of caliph. After fighting off opposition in the first civil war (the â€Å"First Fitna†), Ali was assassinated by Kharijites in 661. Following this, Mu’awiyah, who was governor of Levant, seized power and began the Umayyad dynasty. These disputes over religious and political leadership would give rise to schism in the Muslim community. The majority accepted the legitimacy of the three rulers prior to Ali, and became known as Sunnis. A minority disagreed, and believed that Ali was the only rightful successor; they became known as the Shi’a. After Mu’awiyah’s death in 680, conflict over succession broke out again in a civil war known as the â€Å"Second Fitna†. Afterward, the Umayyad dynasty prevailed for seventy years, and was able to conquer the Maghrib and Al-Andalus (the Iberian Peninsula, former Visigothic Hispania) and the Narbonnese Gaul} in the west as well as expand Muslim territory into Sindh and the fringes of Central Asia. While the Muslim-Arab elite engaged in conquest, some devout Muslims began to question the piety of indulgence in a worldly life, emphasizing rather poverty, humility and avoidance of sin based on renunciation of bodily desires. Devout Muslim ascetic exemplars such as Hasan al-Basri would inspire a movement that would evolve into Sufism. For the Umayyad aristocracy, Islam was viewed as a religion for Arabs only; the economy of the Umayyad empire was based on the assumption that a majority of non-Muslims (Dhimmis) would pay taxes to the minority of Muslim Arabs. A non-Arab who wanted to convert to Islam was supposed to first become a client of an Arab tribe. Even after conversion, these new Muslims (mawali) did not achieve social and economic equality with the Arabs. The descendants of Muhammad’s uncle Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib rallied discontented mawali, poor Arabs, and some Shi’a against the Umayyads and overthrew them with the help of their propagandist and general Abu Muslim, inaugurating the Abbasid dynasty in 750. Under the Abbasids, Islamic civilization flourished in the â€Å"Islamic Golden Age†, with its capital at the cosmopolitan city of Baghdad. The Islamic Golden Age (750–1258) By the late 9th century, the Abbasid caliphate began to fracture as various regions gained increasing levels of autonomy. Across North Africa, Persia, and Central Asia emirates formed as provinces broke away. The monolithic Arab empire gave way to a more religiously homogenized Muslim world where the Shia Fatimids contested even the religious authority of the caliphate. By 1055 the Seljuq Turks had eliminated the Abbasids as a military power, nevertheless they continued to respect the caliph’s titular authority. During this time expansion of the Muslim world continued, by both conquest and peaceful proselytism even as both Islam and Muslim trade networks were extending into sub-Saharan West Africa, Central Asia, Volga Bulgaria and the Malay archipelago. The Golden Age saw new legal, philosophical, and religious developments. The major hadith collections were compiled and the four modern Sunni Madh’habs were established. Islamic law was advanced greatly by the efforts of the early 9th century jurist al-Shafi’i; he codified a method to establish the reliability of hadith, a topic which had been a locus of dispute among Islamic scholars. Philosophers Ibn Sina (Avicenna) and Al-Farabi sought to incorporate Greek principles into Islamic theology, while others like the 11th century theologian Abu Hamid al-Ghazzali argued against them and ultimately prevailed. Finally, Sufism and Shi’ism both underwent major changes in the 9th century. Sufism became a full-fledged movement that had moved towards mysticism and away from its ascetic roots, while Shi’ism split due to disagreements over the succession of Imams. The spread of the Islamic dominion induced hostility among medieval ecclesiastical Christian authors who saw Islam as an adversary in the light of the large numbers of new Muslim converts. This opposition resulted in polemical treatises which depicted Islam as the religion of the antichrist and of Muslims as libidinous and subhuman. In the medieval period, a few Arab philosophers like the poet Al-Ma’arri adopted a critical approach to Islam, and the Jewish philosopher Maimonides contrasted Islamic views of morality to Jewish views that he himself elaborated. Starting in the 9th century, Muslim conquests in the West began to be reversed. The Reconquista was launched against Muslim principalities in Iberia, and Muslim Italian possessions were lost to the Normans. From the 11th century onwards alliances of European Christian kingdoms mobilized to launch a series of wars known as the Crusades, bringing the Muslim world into conflict with Christendom. Initially successful in their goal of taking the Holy land, and establishing the Crusader states, Crusader gains in the Holy Land were later reversed by subsequent Muslim generals such as Saladin; who recaptured Jerusalem during the Second Crusade. In the east the Mongol Empire put an end to the Abbassid dynasty at the Battle of Baghdad in 1258, as they overran in Muslim lands in a series of invasions. Meanwhile in Egypt, the slave-soldier Mamluks took control in an uprising in 1250 and in alliance with the Golden Horde were able halt the Mongol armies at the Battle of Ain Jalut. Mongol rule extended across the breadth of almost all Muslim lands in Asia and Islam was temporarily replaced by Buddhism as the official religion of the land. Over the next century the Mongol Khanates converted to Islam and this religious and cultural absorption ushered in a new age of Mongol-Islamic synthesis that shaped the further spread of Islam in central Asia and the Indian subcontinent. Ottomans and Islamic empires in India (1258–1918) The Seljuk Turks conquered Abbassid lands and adopted Islam and become the de facto rulers of the caliphate. They captured Anatolia by defeating the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert, thereby precipitating the call for Crusades. They however fell apart rapidly in the second half of the 12th century giving rise to various semi-autonomous Turkic dynasties. In the 13th and 14th centuries the Ottoman empire (named after Osman I) emerged from among these â€Å"Ghazi emirates† and established itself after a string of conquests that included the Balkans, parts of Greece, and western Anatolia. In 1453 under Mehmed II the Ottomans laid siege to Constantinople, the capital of Byzantium. The Byzantine fortress succumbed shortly thereafter, having been battered by superior Ottoman cannonry. Beginning in the 13th century, Sufism underwent a transformation, largely as a result of the efforts of al-Ghazzali to legitimize and reorganize the movement. He developed the model of the Sufi order—a community of spiritual teachers and students. Also of importance to Sufism was the creation of the Masnavi, a collection of mystical poetry by the 13th century Persian poet Rumi. The Masnavi had a profound influence on the development of Sufi religious thought; to many Sufis it is second in importance only to the Qur’an. In the early 16th century, the Shi’ite Safavid dynasty assumed control in Persia and established Shi’a Islam as an official religion there, and despite periodic setbacks, the Safavids remained powerful for two centuries. Meanwhile, Mamluk Egypt fell to the Ottomans in 1517, who then launched a European campaign which reached as far as the gates of Vienna in 1529. After the invasion of Persia, and sack of Baghdad by the Mongols in 1258, Delhi became the most important cultural centre of the Muslim east. Many Islamic dynasties ruled parts of the Indian subcontinent starting from the 12th century. The prominent ones include the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526) and the Mughal empire (1526–1857). These empires helped in the spread of Islam in South Asia. but by the mid-18th century the British empire had ended the Mughal dynasty. In the 18th century the Wahhabi movement took hold in Saudi Arabia. Founded by the preacher Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Wahhabism is a fundamentalist ideology that condemns practices like Sufism and the veneration of saints as un-Islamic. By the 17th and 18th centuries, despite attempts at modernization, the Ottoman empire had begun to feel threatened by European economic and military advantages. In the 19th century, the rise of nationalism resulted in Greece declaring and winning independence in 1829, with several Balkan states following suit after the Ottomans suffered defeat in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. The Ottoman era came to a close at the end of World War I. Conclusion The history of the Islamic religion during the medieval era is great and dynamic indeed, as the rise into global prominence could be noted to be a magnificent and unprecedented event in world history. Truly, the historical struggle of Islam is one that has witnessed countless conflicts and eventually successes. Even today, even as the religion has not regained the glory of the Golden Ages, it remains to be one of the most dominant world religions in our global community, as billions of followers continue to adhere to the teachings of their prophet Mohammad.

Themes of Alienation and Control in James Joyces Araby...

Alienation of â€Å"Araby† Although â€Å"Araby† is a fairly short story, author James Joyce does a remarkable job of discussing some very deep issues within it. On the surface it appears to be a story of a boys trip to the market to get a gift for the girl he has a crush on. Yet deeper down it is about a lonely boy who makes a pilgrimage to an eastern-styled bazaar in hopes that it will somehow alleviate his miserable life. James Joyce’s uses the boy in â€Å"Araby† to expose a story of isolation and lack of control. These themes of alienation and control are ultimately linked because it will be seen that the source of the boys emotional distance is his lack of control over his life. The story begins as the boy describes his†¦show more content†¦But the boys must play in â€Å"dark muddy lanes,† in â€Å"dark dripping gardens,† near â€Å"dark odorous stables† and â€Å"ash pits† (Sample Essays). The boy cannot expect to have any control over the seasons or weather. Nevertheless, this bitterness contributes to his feeling of vulnerability. One of the more dehumanizing aspects of the story is that nowhere does anyone ever refer to the boy by name. He is always referred to as you or boy. This could be attributed to the fact that, on the whole, there is relatively little dialogue, and the story is rather short. However, the boy is also the narrator of the story and could have easily introduced himself. After all, in the first paragraph he introduces his setting, it would not have been unreasonable for him to have mentioned his name. It seems likely then that the boys name was omitted deliberately. By depriving the boy of a name, he is denied any sense of identity, consequently alienating him even further. The plot of the story is based around the boy attempting to go to the bazaar, Araby so that he may return with a gift that will please Mangans sister. While in some ways Mangans sister offers the boy some hope, she is also a m ajor source of the his alienation. He desperately lusts for her attention and affection. His recount of his mourning ritual: â€Å"When she came out on the doorstep my heart leaped. I ran to the hall, seized my books and followed her. I kept her brownShow MoreRelatedThemes in James Joyces Araby Essay667 Words   |  3 PagesIn the story of, Araby James Joyce concentrated on three main themes that will explain the purpose of the narrative. The story unfolded on North Richmond Street, which is a street composed of two rows of houses, in a desolated neighborhood. Despite the dreary surroundings of dark muddy lanes and ash pits the boy tried to find evidence of love and beauty in his surroundings. Throughout the story, the boy went through a variety of changes that will pose as different themes of the story includingRead MoreAlienation of Araby Essay1884 Words   |  8 PagesAlienation of Araby Although Araby is a fairly short story, author James Joyce does a remarkable job of discussing some very deep issues within it. On the surface it appears to be a story of a boys trip to the market to get a gift for the girl he has a crush on. Yet deeper down it is about a lonely boy who makes a pilgrimage to an eastern-styled bazaar in hopes that it will somehow alleviate his miserable life. James Joyces uses the boy in Araby to expose a story of isolation and lackRead MoreJames Joyce and the Dead Essay897 Words   |  4 Pagesthe year of 1882 in Dublin a famous writer of the name James Joyce was born and as of the year of 1941 in Zurich, Switzerland James Joyce passed away at the age of 59. Joyce began his career by writing short stories that engraved, with extraordinary clarity, aspects of Dublin life. These stories were published a part of the Dubliners in 1914. Fifteen stories of his filled the pages within Dubliners the stories are: The Sisters, An Encounter, Araby, Eveline , After the Race, Two Gallants, The boardingRead MoreEssay on James Joyces Araby3507 Words   |  15 PagesJames Joyces Araby I doubt there are book logs that commence with a note directing a reader, specifically you, even though I get the impression from Mr. Little to whom riding between pairs of glasses suggesting that in order to gather a bounty against my beloved head I must be obliged to fathoming on how to receive topic sentences with cradling arms and craters of dimples (have to love formalities, even of those lolling head-stumps, after all, it keeps NATO all trite