Essay --

Introduction This report will introduce a five star hotel of ‘ice world’ that is located in Zermatt, Switzerland. In addition, this essay will also introduce a business plan of the ‘ice world’ that includes business background, business goals, website goals and competitor websites. The main point of this report is to analyse the environment of target audiences and website competitors to find the website target market. Also research needs to be undertaken to find what kind of service suits customers of website tasks and to make a decision of how to design the website page templates, making page contents and tools. Moreover, the analysis process intends to increase marketing techniques and market share. Business Background Zermatt has 29 mountains around the little town, which has the best ice resort in the world and where local people can ski all year around. ‘Ice world’ is built in the middle of the Alps Mountain range and has 70 rooms that include 30 deluxe rooms and 15 presidential suites. There are also luxurious entertainment facilities in the ice hotel, such as an ice bar, massage service and spa, so that customers can enjoy their relaxation time. In addition, the restaurant also has a variety of food from around the world that can make customers feel at home. The hotel has 90 professional staff and provides the best industry standard of service to customers in this particular ice hotel. Business Goals The most important business goals are to increase market share and develop the benefit of the hotel, such as using the power of internet and social media to increase hotel popularity and build strong brands of the hotel. Although, respect of customer’s cultures is a vital part of hotel atmosphere, especially for internationa... ...tion from Internet. Use internet to reserve a room is very common to see, (Musante, Bojanic & Zhang, 2009) and it’s a good chance for hotel to advertising and increase market share. Our website has include some popular social media links that could help hotels to increase reputation and customers also can visit our websites in a very convenience way. Conclusion This report has shown that business goals, the objectives of a hotel’s website that with the two main competitors, comparative analysis of what’s do customers need and want. In addition, this report also displayed the features details of a hotel, and how it’s shown on the hotel's website. In conclusion, it’s introduced the some ways of treat people to view our hotel’s website, and how to increase people's interest. Moreover, these programs could help the hotel to achieve their goals, objectives and target.

Expansion of Islam during the Medieval Period Essay

The development of Islam in world history has resulted in major political, economic, and military ramifications, not only in the Islamic world, but also in the global community at that period. Only decades following the first recitations of the Qur’an by Prophet Muhammad, a vast empire of the Islam religion can be traced from the Atlantic Ocean going all the way to Central Asia in the east. Islam has expanded greatly indeed during the Medieval Era. This new global order has massive implications, and resulted into various wars, and states and governments fought with each other and outside forces. Despite counter-revolutions in the spread of the religion, Islam continued to gain ground in the vast regions of Africa, the India, and Southeast Asia. The Islamic civilization was indeed one of the most highly developed in the world during the Medieval Era, which was later on exceeded by the Europe empires with the economic and military growth of the West. The advancement of Islam during the Medieval period was great and notable, as the religion that is fairly young grew to be one of the most dominant world religions even today, with an estimated more than 1 billion follower, second only in size to Christianity. The preceding paragraphs shall be the historical account of this rise of the Islam religion. Islam religion: Brief Overview The Islamic tradition finds its origins from the teachings of their prophet Muhammad during the 7th Century. Consisting of more than a billion followers all over the world, Islam can be said to be the 2nd biggest of all the world religions. The most holy text of Islam is the Quran, which is believed to have been given to Muhammad by God, or Allah. This religion also recognizes Moses and Jesus as prophets, and regard their teachings as important, which would account for certain parallelisms with world religions such as Christianity. The Islamic life is basically guided by the Five Pillars, which prescribes certain aspects of life and forms their culture and traditions. Believing in a single God whom Muslims would call Allah, most of the Quranic teachings are even used as laws of states that have Islam as the state religion. Like Christianity, the teachings of Jesus are one viewed with high regard; but for Islam, Jesus is a prophet rather than God, hence they reject the Trinity concept. Muslims follow certain codes of conduct, like the daily requirement of praying for a number of times a day and a strict diet, like the refusal to ingest pork. The church of Islam is called the Mosque, wherein like all other religions, certain rituals are being conducted. The history in the medieval era: Rise of the caliphate (632–750) Before starting his move to Medina, where he migrated, Muhammad commenced his teaching of Islam at the holy city of Mecca, and achieved the goal of uniting the Arabian tribes of Arabia into a unified Arab Muslim religious polity. Following the death of Muhammad during the year of 632, there were rising conflicts in the Islamic community on who would succeed him as leader of the community. Nominated to obtain such position was Abu Bakr, who was one of the closest people and collaborator to Muhammad; his name was raised by Umar ibn al-Khattab, also Muhammad’s companion. Abu Bakr was then became the first â€Å"caliph†, as his leadership gained great support. Although his leadership walso experience some opposition who would support another person in the name of Ali ibn Abi Talib, is argued to be a designated successor. The avengement of a defeat in war by the Byzantine forces was made one of the first agenda, although the Ridda wars, or â€Å"Wars of Apostasy†, which was an Arab tribe rebellion, were the first acts of Abu Bakr. The territory of the Caliphate in 750 Umar succeeded as the caliph, when Abu Bakr passed away in the year 634, which was then followed respectively by Uthman ibn al-Affan and Ali ibn Abi Talib, and these first four leaders where dubbed as the al-khulafa’ ar-rashidun or Rightly Guided Caliphs. Under their collective leadership, the Islamic territory saw continual expansion into Persian and Byzantine empires. When Umar was assassinated in 644, the election of Uthman as successor was met with increasing opposition. In 656, Uthman was also killed, and Ali assumed the position of caliph. After fighting off opposition in the first civil war (the â€Å"First Fitna†), Ali was assassinated by Kharijites in 661. Following this, Mu’awiyah, who was governor of Levant, seized power and began the Umayyad dynasty. These disputes over religious and political leadership would give rise to schism in the Muslim community. The majority accepted the legitimacy of the three rulers prior to Ali, and became known as Sunnis. A minority disagreed, and believed that Ali was the only rightful successor; they became known as the Shi’a. After Mu’awiyah’s death in 680, conflict over succession broke out again in a civil war known as the â€Å"Second Fitna†. Afterward, the Umayyad dynasty prevailed for seventy years, and was able to conquer the Maghrib and Al-Andalus (the Iberian Peninsula, former Visigothic Hispania) and the Narbonnese Gaul} in the west as well as expand Muslim territory into Sindh and the fringes of Central Asia. While the Muslim-Arab elite engaged in conquest, some devout Muslims began to question the piety of indulgence in a worldly life, emphasizing rather poverty, humility and avoidance of sin based on renunciation of bodily desires. Devout Muslim ascetic exemplars such as Hasan al-Basri would inspire a movement that would evolve into Sufism. For the Umayyad aristocracy, Islam was viewed as a religion for Arabs only; the economy of the Umayyad empire was based on the assumption that a majority of non-Muslims (Dhimmis) would pay taxes to the minority of Muslim Arabs. A non-Arab who wanted to convert to Islam was supposed to first become a client of an Arab tribe. Even after conversion, these new Muslims (mawali) did not achieve social and economic equality with the Arabs. The descendants of Muhammad’s uncle Abbas ibn Abd al-Muttalib rallied discontented mawali, poor Arabs, and some Shi’a against the Umayyads and overthrew them with the help of their propagandist and general Abu Muslim, inaugurating the Abbasid dynasty in 750. Under the Abbasids, Islamic civilization flourished in the â€Å"Islamic Golden Age†, with its capital at the cosmopolitan city of Baghdad. The Islamic Golden Age (750–1258) By the late 9th century, the Abbasid caliphate began to fracture as various regions gained increasing levels of autonomy. Across North Africa, Persia, and Central Asia emirates formed as provinces broke away. The monolithic Arab empire gave way to a more religiously homogenized Muslim world where the Shia Fatimids contested even the religious authority of the caliphate. By 1055 the Seljuq Turks had eliminated the Abbasids as a military power, nevertheless they continued to respect the caliph’s titular authority. During this time expansion of the Muslim world continued, by both conquest and peaceful proselytism even as both Islam and Muslim trade networks were extending into sub-Saharan West Africa, Central Asia, Volga Bulgaria and the Malay archipelago. The Golden Age saw new legal, philosophical, and religious developments. The major hadith collections were compiled and the four modern Sunni Madh’habs were established. Islamic law was advanced greatly by the efforts of the early 9th century jurist al-Shafi’i; he codified a method to establish the reliability of hadith, a topic which had been a locus of dispute among Islamic scholars. Philosophers Ibn Sina (Avicenna) and Al-Farabi sought to incorporate Greek principles into Islamic theology, while others like the 11th century theologian Abu Hamid al-Ghazzali argued against them and ultimately prevailed. Finally, Sufism and Shi’ism both underwent major changes in the 9th century. Sufism became a full-fledged movement that had moved towards mysticism and away from its ascetic roots, while Shi’ism split due to disagreements over the succession of Imams. The spread of the Islamic dominion induced hostility among medieval ecclesiastical Christian authors who saw Islam as an adversary in the light of the large numbers of new Muslim converts. This opposition resulted in polemical treatises which depicted Islam as the religion of the antichrist and of Muslims as libidinous and subhuman. In the medieval period, a few Arab philosophers like the poet Al-Ma’arri adopted a critical approach to Islam, and the Jewish philosopher Maimonides contrasted Islamic views of morality to Jewish views that he himself elaborated. Starting in the 9th century, Muslim conquests in the West began to be reversed. The Reconquista was launched against Muslim principalities in Iberia, and Muslim Italian possessions were lost to the Normans. From the 11th century onwards alliances of European Christian kingdoms mobilized to launch a series of wars known as the Crusades, bringing the Muslim world into conflict with Christendom. Initially successful in their goal of taking the Holy land, and establishing the Crusader states, Crusader gains in the Holy Land were later reversed by subsequent Muslim generals such as Saladin; who recaptured Jerusalem during the Second Crusade. In the east the Mongol Empire put an end to the Abbassid dynasty at the Battle of Baghdad in 1258, as they overran in Muslim lands in a series of invasions. Meanwhile in Egypt, the slave-soldier Mamluks took control in an uprising in 1250 and in alliance with the Golden Horde were able halt the Mongol armies at the Battle of Ain Jalut. Mongol rule extended across the breadth of almost all Muslim lands in Asia and Islam was temporarily replaced by Buddhism as the official religion of the land. Over the next century the Mongol Khanates converted to Islam and this religious and cultural absorption ushered in a new age of Mongol-Islamic synthesis that shaped the further spread of Islam in central Asia and the Indian subcontinent. Ottomans and Islamic empires in India (1258–1918) The Seljuk Turks conquered Abbassid lands and adopted Islam and become the de facto rulers of the caliphate. They captured Anatolia by defeating the Byzantines at the Battle of Manzikert, thereby precipitating the call for Crusades. They however fell apart rapidly in the second half of the 12th century giving rise to various semi-autonomous Turkic dynasties. In the 13th and 14th centuries the Ottoman empire (named after Osman I) emerged from among these â€Å"Ghazi emirates† and established itself after a string of conquests that included the Balkans, parts of Greece, and western Anatolia. In 1453 under Mehmed II the Ottomans laid siege to Constantinople, the capital of Byzantium. The Byzantine fortress succumbed shortly thereafter, having been battered by superior Ottoman cannonry. Beginning in the 13th century, Sufism underwent a transformation, largely as a result of the efforts of al-Ghazzali to legitimize and reorganize the movement. He developed the model of the Sufi order—a community of spiritual teachers and students. Also of importance to Sufism was the creation of the Masnavi, a collection of mystical poetry by the 13th century Persian poet Rumi. The Masnavi had a profound influence on the development of Sufi religious thought; to many Sufis it is second in importance only to the Qur’an. In the early 16th century, the Shi’ite Safavid dynasty assumed control in Persia and established Shi’a Islam as an official religion there, and despite periodic setbacks, the Safavids remained powerful for two centuries. Meanwhile, Mamluk Egypt fell to the Ottomans in 1517, who then launched a European campaign which reached as far as the gates of Vienna in 1529. After the invasion of Persia, and sack of Baghdad by the Mongols in 1258, Delhi became the most important cultural centre of the Muslim east. Many Islamic dynasties ruled parts of the Indian subcontinent starting from the 12th century. The prominent ones include the Delhi Sultanate (1206–1526) and the Mughal empire (1526–1857). These empires helped in the spread of Islam in South Asia. but by the mid-18th century the British empire had ended the Mughal dynasty. In the 18th century the Wahhabi movement took hold in Saudi Arabia. Founded by the preacher Ibn Abd al-Wahhab, Wahhabism is a fundamentalist ideology that condemns practices like Sufism and the veneration of saints as un-Islamic. By the 17th and 18th centuries, despite attempts at modernization, the Ottoman empire had begun to feel threatened by European economic and military advantages. In the 19th century, the rise of nationalism resulted in Greece declaring and winning independence in 1829, with several Balkan states following suit after the Ottomans suffered defeat in the Russo-Turkish War of 1877–1878. The Ottoman era came to a close at the end of World War I. Conclusion The history of the Islamic religion during the medieval era is great and dynamic indeed, as the rise into global prominence could be noted to be a magnificent and unprecedented event in world history. Truly, the historical struggle of Islam is one that has witnessed countless conflicts and eventually successes. Even today, even as the religion has not regained the glory of the Golden Ages, it remains to be one of the most dominant world religions in our global community, as billions of followers continue to adhere to the teachings of their prophet Mohammad.

Themes of Alienation and Control in James Joyces Araby...

Alienation of â€Å"Araby† Although â€Å"Araby† is a fairly short story, author James Joyce does a remarkable job of discussing some very deep issues within it. On the surface it appears to be a story of a boys trip to the market to get a gift for the girl he has a crush on. Yet deeper down it is about a lonely boy who makes a pilgrimage to an eastern-styled bazaar in hopes that it will somehow alleviate his miserable life. James Joyce’s uses the boy in â€Å"Araby† to expose a story of isolation and lack of control. These themes of alienation and control are ultimately linked because it will be seen that the source of the boys emotional distance is his lack of control over his life. The story begins as the boy describes his†¦show more content†¦But the boys must play in â€Å"dark muddy lanes,† in â€Å"dark dripping gardens,† near â€Å"dark odorous stables† and â€Å"ash pits† (Sample Essays). The boy cannot expect to have any control over the seasons or weather. Nevertheless, this bitterness contributes to his feeling of vulnerability. One of the more dehumanizing aspects of the story is that nowhere does anyone ever refer to the boy by name. He is always referred to as you or boy. This could be attributed to the fact that, on the whole, there is relatively little dialogue, and the story is rather short. However, the boy is also the narrator of the story and could have easily introduced himself. After all, in the first paragraph he introduces his setting, it would not have been unreasonable for him to have mentioned his name. It seems likely then that the boys name was omitted deliberately. By depriving the boy of a name, he is denied any sense of identity, consequently alienating him even further. The plot of the story is based around the boy attempting to go to the bazaar, Araby so that he may return with a gift that will please Mangans sister. While in some ways Mangans sister offers the boy some hope, she is also a m ajor source of the his alienation. He desperately lusts for her attention and affection. His recount of his mourning ritual: â€Å"When she came out on the doorstep my heart leaped. I ran to the hall, seized my books and followed her. I kept her brownShow MoreRelatedThemes in James Joyces Araby Essay667 Words   |  3 PagesIn the story of, Araby James Joyce concentrated on three main themes that will explain the purpose of the narrative. The story unfolded on North Richmond Street, which is a street composed of two rows of houses, in a desolated neighborhood. Despite the dreary surroundings of dark muddy lanes and ash pits the boy tried to find evidence of love and beauty in his surroundings. Throughout the story, the boy went through a variety of changes that will pose as different themes of the story includingRead MoreAlienation of Araby Essay1884 Words   |  8 PagesAlienation of Araby Although Araby is a fairly short story, author James Joyce does a remarkable job of discussing some very deep issues within it. On the surface it appears to be a story of a boys trip to the market to get a gift for the girl he has a crush on. Yet deeper down it is about a lonely boy who makes a pilgrimage to an eastern-styled bazaar in hopes that it will somehow alleviate his miserable life. James Joyces uses the boy in Araby to expose a story of isolation and lackRead MoreJames Joyce and the Dead Essay897 Words   |  4 Pagesthe year of 1882 in Dublin a famous writer of the name James Joyce was born and as of the year of 1941 in Zurich, Switzerland James Joyce passed away at the age of 59. Joyce began his career by writing short stories that engraved, with extraordinary clarity, aspects of Dublin life. These stories were published a part of the Dubliners in 1914. Fifteen stories of his filled the pages within Dubliners the stories are: The Sisters, An Encounter, Araby, Eveline , After the Race, Two Gallants, The boardingRead MoreEssay on James Joyces Araby3507 Words   |  15 PagesJames Joyces Araby I doubt there are book logs that commence with a note directing a reader, specifically you, even though I get the impression from Mr. Little to whom riding between pairs of glasses suggesting that in order to gather a bounty against my beloved head I must be obliged to fathoming on how to receive topic sentences with cradling arms and craters of dimples (have to love formalities, even of those lolling head-stumps, after all, it keeps NATO all trite

3 and 4 Digit Division Worksheets with Remainders

Essay about Human Rights in Africa - 1855 Words

Introduction The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is an international document that states some basic rights and necessary or fundamental freedoms for every human beings. (Universal Declaration of Human Rights) It was created by the General Assembly of the United Nations on 10th December 1948. (The Foundation of the Human Rights law)It is made up of thirty articles which apply to everyone and this is the first time that countries agreed on a relating or comprehensive statement of inalienable human rights (UDHR Britannica). Angola has one of a fastest growing economy in the world and annual average GDP growth is 11.1%. However, they still have a higher rate of poverty and not many people are educated well enough. Since†¦show more content†¦(http://www.visionofhumanity.org/#page/indexes/global-peace-index/2013/AGO,MWI,ZMB/OVER) As I listed above human rights have continuously been violated in Angola, Malawi, Zambia in Africa. The article that have been violated in these 3 regions are their rights to freedom which is written in Article 9 and torturing or giving a cruel or degrading punishment to citizen which is written in Article 5 . For example, unlawful killings by police and military. Also torture or rape by security forces and especially life-threatening prison conditions are quite common in Africa. (Article 5) These are some of the human rights violated situation that I will be discussing and writing about in this report. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Human_rights_in_the_Democratic_Republic_of_the_Congo) ( Violation Article 5 ) Article 5 on the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states that no one should be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment. This basically means that people have their own rights so they can’t get tortured or subjected to murderous punishments without any reasons. Many of the victims were being hit without knowing why they were being punished and treated inhumanly. This is the common types of human violation that happens in Angola. In Angola, There were reports of overindulgent use of force and arbitrary arrests and confinements that is done byShow MoreRelatedHuman Rights Violations in South Africa733 Words   |  3 PagesEvery South African citizen is entitled to the human rights that are listed in the Constitution. Human’s rights are there to make sure that people get treated fairly and equally and protect people from dangers that they face. They include equality (everyone is equal and has the right to equal protection) , Life ( everyone deserves to live ) education (everyone has the right to a basic education) , freedom of expression ( everyone has the right to say what they want to say as long as it is true) andRead MoreHuman Rights and Equality in South Africa591 Words   |  2 Pages†¢ Human right: EQUALITY â€Å"You can never be discriminated against unfairly. All people are equal and must be treated equally.† In South Africa, there are people who are either extremely poor or extremely wealthy. Although poverty levels are dropping, there are still way too many people who are living in extreme poverty and cannot afford simple food items, efficient medical care and a home. The wealthy groups of people tend to unconsciously look down on those below them. This shows that not everyoneRead MoreProblem: Human Rights Violations In Sino-Africa Cooperation1321 Words   |  6 PagesProblem: Human Rights Violations in Sino-Africa Cooperation China’s increasing presence in Africa has been exposed to international critiques for human rights violations. Rampant land grabbing by Chinese companies, labor abuses in Chinese factories and farms, and China’s close bonds with authoritarian governments are three major problems that have become protuberant, impeding the progress of China’s â€Å"Going-Abroad† strategy in Africa. Take China’s footprint in the African agricultural sectorRead MoreThe Canadian Charter Of Rights And Freedoms883 Words   |  4 Pagesquo, or to justify it After the storm clouds of apartheid lifted to reveal the Rainbow Nation of South Africa in 1994, the first democratically elected government was tasked with drawing up a new constitution that would properly enshrine the human rights that had so long been denied the majority of citizens. One source drawn upon in developing the new constitution was the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms, itself then little more than a decade old. It is not necessary to be a constitutional scholarRead MoreHuman Rights: The Bill of Rights948 Words   |  4 PagesHuman rights are rights inherent to all human beings, no matter our nationality, where we live, gender, ethnic or national origin, race, religion, language, or any kind of status. We are all equally permitted to our human rights without prejudice. These rights are all unified, interdependent and undividable. Human rights are often conveyed and certified by law, in the manner of treaties, conventional international law, general principles a nd other basis of international law. Human rights laws placeRead MoreThe Curious Enlightenment Of Professor Caritat By Steven Lukes1283 Words   |  6 PagesThe Curious Enlightenment of Professor Caritat, by Steven Lukes (whom will be referred to as â€Å"Lukes† from now), the professor is sent out to find the best possible world. The essay will include a discussion on which society will best work in South Africa. In the current society, Communitarian and Libertarian systems are already evident, whereas Utilitarian rule is not. Utilitaria encourages people to be helpful and contribute to society; everyone is treated equally, hence creating an overall senseRead MoreGood Governance and Human Rights1107 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction Good governance and human rights are considered as key ingredients to economic growth. Nowadays few, if any, politicians and political scientists alike, would deny that democracy (good governance and human rights) and economic development are correlated. This link has long been argued as indispensible to the development of the African continent and that the African countries should embrace the â€Å"Rule of Law† in as far as good governance and human rights within their constitutional ordersRead MoreTake Home Essay1490 Words   |  6 Pagesorigin of modern humans: 1) they began in one place, Africa—and 2) pre-modern humans migrated from Africa to become modern humans in other parts of the world. According to the lectures, most evidence trace to the first theory because of a few satisfying valid reasons. In the lectures it was told that â€Å"fossils of modern humans are particularly found in Africa† (Zeanah: lecture). In addition to this logic, it is also mentio ned that â€Å"DNA studies suggest a originating population in Africa† (Zeanah). AlthoughRead MoreDr. Martin Luther King Jr. Essay1134 Words   |  5 Pageshistory have always evolved around human rights race relationships and power. In this paper, I will focus on the themes of racism, human rights, and power and how history makers such as Martin Luther King Jr., Nelson Mandela, and Mahatma Gandhi (just to name these few) helped to redress them to an extent and how theirs efforts shape contemporary events. Dr. Martin Luther King Jr. was born on 15 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia and is one of the most remembered Human Rights Activists in America history. HeRead More The African National Congress and the Fight Against South African Apartheid1666 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"separateness† in Afrikaans Language. Human Rights, according to â€Å"Article 1, UN Declaration of Rights† states that â€Å" All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in spirit of brotherhood†. The native Africans were being segregated from the whites and were treated as second class citizens. The black residents felt that the apartheid policies violated their rights. Human rights of South African natives were violated

A study in contrast the views of catherine barkley Essay Example For Students

A study in contrast the views of catherine barkley Essay and brettA Study in Contrast:The views of Catherine Barkley and Brett Ashley in their perspective classesDuring the early 1900’s, after the death of Queen Victoria, the European world went through a great change under the influence of the Free Women’s movement and WWI. It was a time of great confusion, women were faced with choices unheard of before, and having to fight against what they had been taught their entire lives. Characters like Brett Ashley from Ernest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises â€Å"presented the image of the short-skirted, shimmying, seductive, sleek femininity promising unprecedented freedom for the twentieth-century.† Others characters like Catherine Barkley, A Farewell to Arms, presented a more conservative Victorian way of life, akin to a male dominant world. These, Hemingway’s most famous female characters, are reflective in their contrast to the decaying Victorian society of the 1800’s and the feminist movement of the early 1900’s. Hemmingway’s attempt to create the perfect wife through Catherine, may have in fact been too successful, as he leaves the reader questioning whether she â€Å"is too idealistic, too selflessly loving and giving to be believed as a character.† This is no truer than at the hospital after Catherine informs Frederic (Tenente), that she is pregnant her only concern becomes his happiness despite his constant pleas that he is in fact happy about the pregnancy. This is only overshadowed by her constant reassurances that she will be a â€Å"good girl†, never failing to apologize hastily for any momentary lapse in judgement. In fact, Catherine never fails to support Frederic for any of the risks he takes with his health, through drinking or the operation. While this submissive support for Frederic may seem surreal, it actually reflects the women of the Victorian era. The concepts of Victorianism are in no way supportive of Catherine’s realism; they only provide a potential reason for her surreal personality. Brett, in contrast to Catherine is believable due to her faults. Brett is more human through her realization that she uses men like Count Mippipopulous and Pedro Romero, for wealth and lust. Brett’s understanding of her own nature is therefore more easily sympathized with and is what makes her character interesting. Brett’s morals are perhaps the most honest part of her character as they portray those ideals that directly conflict with the world around her. One example of this is her multiple relationships outside of her engagement to Mike, which would have been outrageous for the time. The Victorian family would look at her as nothing short of a prostitute and yet the male of a household would most honestly be attracted to her. The family belief that â€Å"a modest woman seldom desires any sexual gratification for herself† was just the double standard that Brett rebelled against. This shows strength in character, found in few others during the period and is what gives the reader a better understanding of why Brett is the way she is. Catherine’s desire to feel protected is a foil to Brett’s quest for freedom. Protected from the fear of abandonment and loneliness that come with failed attempts at love. Catherine’s previous marriage, which ended in the death of her husband, has left many emotional scars, making it difficult to deal with the stages of recommitting herself to another person. She finds her new relationship with Frederic difficult at first because she questions whether she is discrediting her previous husbands memory. Catherine’s desire for protection and companionship eventually overcomes her fear of commitment and she falls deeply in love. Frederic had to commit on a very strong level to Catherine, in order for her to get over her previous husband. This serious a relationship was not Frederic’s desire at first however; he was quick to feel the love for her that she proclaimed to him. Catherine ’s desire for protection is reflective of Victorian society in which women would marry older men for the protection that their status would provide. Although Catherine desires protection, she is not typical to the Victorian lifestyle in that she has a career, even as a nurse this was not common for the time. The irony in this is that Catherine shows a sense of independence that Brett has yet to achieve.Brett and Jake’s relationship shows yet another side of Brett, one in which love is the very source of her pain. This contrasts sharply to that of Frederic and Catherine who draw upon each other for strength. The cab scene in which Brett and Jake discuss their feelings for one another is perhaps the most revealing. â€Å"You mustn’t. You must know. I can’t stand it, that’s all. Oh, darling please understand!† â€Å"Don’t you love me?† â€Å"Love you? I simply turn all to jelly when you touch me.† Brett is so adamant about not committing to others because the only man she loves is unable to give her the affection she desires. Jake’s injury is cause to question that if Brett truly loved him, she would relinquish her own desires in order to consummate their love. However, it must be acknowledged that Brett is part of a social revolution in which women began to expect the same rights as men. Brett rebels against the undyingly faithful part of Catherine’s lifestyle, not purely for the right of being a free woman, but because she is physically unable to be with the man, she loves. Catherine and Jake actually share war scars that their partners have a difficult time dealing with; this was a major issue of the time, as many people had to deal with death or disfigurement. .uef46347e54b4d1100f85d643d25b6f47 , .uef46347e54b4d1100f85d643d25b6f47 .postImageUrl , .uef46347e54b4d1100f85d643d25b6f47 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .uef46347e54b4d1100f85d643d25b6f47 , .uef46347e54b4d1100f85d643d25b6f47:hover , .uef46347e54b4d1100f85d643d25b6f47:visited , .uef46347e54b4d1100f85d643d25b6f47:active { border:0!important; } .uef46347e54b4d1100f85d643d25b6f47 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .uef46347e54b4d1100f85d643d25b6f47 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .uef46347e54b4d1100f85d643d25b6f47:active , .uef46347e54b4d1100f85d643d25b6f47:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .uef46347e54b4d1100f85d643d25b6f47 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .uef46347e54b4d1100f85d643d25b6f47 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .uef46347e54b4d1100f85d643d25b6f47 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .uef46347e54b4d1100f85d643d25b6f47 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .uef46347e54b4d1100f85d643d25b6f47:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .uef46347e54b4d1100f85d643d25b6f47 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .uef46347e54b4d1100f85d643d25b6f47 .uef46347e54b4d1100f85d643d25b6f47-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .uef46347e54b4d1100f85d643d25b6f47:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Alexander the Great4 EssayPerhaps Brett and Catherine’s only obvious similarity lies in their ability to deceive themselves. Brett is perhaps the more guilty, as she lies to herself in order to portray the image that she is the free independent, a woman of few constraints willing to braise the world. Brett is evidently not what she seems, in that she relies on men to pay for the lifestyle that she has grown accustom to. Her previous marriage into the British Aristocracy provides her with the status of â€Å"Lady† and an annual allowance that are in direct conflict with the image that she wishes to portray. Likewise, Catherine lies to herself about the loving relationship that she and Frederic seem to share at the beginning of the novel. Through an early, albeit untrue, declaration of love, Catherine and Frederic attempt to hide there true feelings. Catherine feels as though any attempt at a relationship will discredit her previous husband’s memory however, if she were to fall in love there would be less reason to feel guilty. Love is something that can not be avoided, this is what Catherine attempts to convince herself of in order to share a relationship with Frederic. Cetherine and Frederic shared what could be described as a Victorian marriage, in which husband and wife would willingly lie to one another as well as deceive themselves, if only to avert a potential argument or scene. There is irony in the fact that the only thing Brett and Catherine share is contentment to deceive themselves however, this reflects on how each generation shares at least some characteristics of the generation before. Though primarily diverse, the p re and post 1900 societies shared some of the issues surrounding war and revolution. This changing period in time showed the turn of a new generation of women whose labors and decisions became valuable through war. Through jobs like nursing, women like Catherine were able to experience a new feeling of purpose, and yet still retain the beliefs that gave them a feeling of safety. Consequently, the slow decline of Victorian beliefs due to the women’s movement gave women like Brett the chance to experience the world in ways unheard of before such as the bull fights and the chance to choose their suitor. The evolutionary gap between the Victorian society and the society of today may be smaller than it seems, many of the positive beliefs in family and commitment were retained from that time as seen through Catherine. Brett on the other hand shows where the lack of freedom has gone and where the choice for women now remains. Bibliography-The Sun Also Rises-A Students Companion to the Novel,-Michael Reynolds, (work study)-Published by twain publishers-Ernest Hemingway and the Arts,-Emily Watts-Copy right, Library of congress, 1971-Hemingway’s First War-Michael Reynolds-Published 1987, by Basil Blackwell ltd. -Hemingway: The writer as artist-Carlos Baker-First edition published 1952, by Princeton University press. -Critical Essays on Ernest Hemingway’s The Sun Also Rises,-Edited by James Nagel-Published by Maxwell Macmillen Canada, inc. -Critical Essays on Ernest Hemingways A Farewell to Arms,-Edited by James Nagel-Published by Maxwell Macmillen Canada, inc. -Victorian England-W.J. Reader-Published 1964, by B.T. Batford-The Victorians: A World Built to Last-Edited by G. Perry and N. Mason-Published 1974

Pythagorean Philosophy and Its Influence on Musical free essay sample

New York: Dover Publications Ferreira, Lawrence (1991). Philosophy and the Analysis of Music. New York: Greenwood Press. Johnston, Ian (1989). Measured Tones. New York: IIOP Publishing. Rowel, Lewis (1983). Thinking About Music. Amherst: The university of Massachusetts Press. Music is the harmonistic of opposites, the unification of disparate things, and the conciliation of warring elements MusIc is the basis of agreement among things in nature and of the best government in the universe. As a rule it assumes the guise of harmony In the universe, of lawful government In a state, and of a sensible way of life in the home. It brings together and unites. The Pythagoreans Every school student will recognize his name as the originator of that theorem which offers many cheerful facts about the square on the hypotenuse. Many European philosophers will call him the father of philosophy. Many scientists will call him the father of science. To musicians, nonetheless, Pythagoras is the father of music. We will write a custom essay sample on Pythagorean Philosophy and Its Influence on Musical or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page According outshone, it was a much told story that one day the young Pythagoras was passing a blacksmiths shop and his ear was caught by he regular intervals of sounds from the anvil. When he discovered that the hammers were of different weights, It occurred to him that the intervals might be related to those weights. Pythagoras was correct. Pythagorean philosophy maintained that all things are numbers. Based on the belief that numbers were the building blocks of everything, Pythagoras began linking numbers and music. Revolutionize music.Pythagoras findings generated theorems and standards for musical scales, relationships, instruments, and creative formation. Musical scales became defined, and taught. Instrument makers began a precision approach to device construction. Composers developed new attitudes of composition that encompassed a foundation of numeric value In addition to melody. All three approaches were based on Pythagorean philosophy. Thus, Pythagoras relationship between numbers and music had a profound Influence on future musical education, instrumentation, and composition.The intrinsic discovery made by Pythagoras was the potential order to the chaos and pitches into distinct notes. Mathematically he divided intervals into wholes, thirds, and halves. Four distinct musical ratios were discovered: the tone, its fourth, its fifth, and its octave. Nonstop, 1989). From these ratios the Pythagorean scale was introduced. This scale revolutionized music. Pythagorean relationships of ratios held true for any initial pitch. This discovery, in turn, reformed musical education. With the standardization of music, musical creativity could be recorded, taught, and reproduced. (Rowel, 1983). Modern day finger exercises, such as the Hanson, are neither based on melody or creativity. They are simply based on the Pythagorean scale, and are executed from various initial pitches. Creating a foundation for musical representation, works became recordable. From the Pythagorean scale and simple mathematical calculations, different scales or modes Mere developed. The Dorian, Lydia, Logician, and Ecclesiastical modes were all developed from the foundation of Pythagoras. Nonstop, 1989). The basic foundations of musical education are based on the various modes of scalar relationships. (Ferreira, 1991). Pythagoras discoveries created a starting point for structured music. From this, diverse educational schemes Mere created upon basic themes. Pythagoras and his mathematics created the foundation for musical education as it is now known. According to Rowel, Pythagoras began his experiments demonstrating the tones of bells of different sizes. Bells of variant size produce different harmonic ratios. (Ferreira, 1991). Analyzing the different ratios, Pythagoras began defining different musical pitches based on bell diameter, and density. Based on Pythagorean harmonic relationships, and Pythagorean geometry, bell-makers began constructing bells with the principal pitch prime tone, and hum tones consisting of a fourth, a fifth, and the octave. Nonstop, 1989). Ironically or coincidentally, these tones were all members of the Pythagorean scale. In addition, Pythagoras initiated comparable experimentation with pipes of different lengths. Through this method of study he unearthed two astonishing inferences. When pipes of different lengths were hammered, they emitted different pitches, and when air was passed through these pipes respectively, alike results were attained. This sparked a revolution in the construction of melodic percussive instruments, as well as the wind different thickness stretched over altered lengths, and found another instance of numeric, musical correspondence. He discovered the initial length generated the strings primary one, while dissecting the string in half yielded an octave, thirds produced a fifth, quarters produced a fourth, and fifths produced a third. The circumstances around Pythagoras discovery in relation to strings and their resonance is astounding, and these catcalled the production of stringed instruments. (Bended, 1976). In a Nay, music is lucky that Pythagoras attitude to experimentation was as it was. His insight was indeed correct, and the realms of instrumentation would never be the same again. Furthermore, many composers adapted a mathematical model for music. According to Rowel, Schillings, a famous composer, and musical teacher of Gershwin, suggested an array of procedures for deriving new scales, rhythms, and structures by applying various mathematical transformations and permutations. His approach was enormously popular, and widely respected. The influence comes from a Pythagoreans. Wherever this system has been successfully used, it has been by composers who were already well trained enough to distinguish the musical results. In 1804, Ludwig van thieving began growing deaf. He had begun composing at age seven and would compose another twenty-five years after his impairment took full effect. Creating music in a state of inaudibility, Beethoven had to rely on the relationships between pitches to produce his music. Composers, such as Beethoven, could rely on the structured musical relationships that instructed their creativity. (Ferreira, 1991). Without Pythagorean musical structure, Beethoven could not have created many of his astounding compositions, and would have failed to establish himself as one of the two greatest musicians of all time. Speaking of the greatest musicians of all time, perhaps another name comes to mind, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart. Mozart is clearly the greatest musician who ever lived. Ferreira, 1991). Mozart composed within the arena of his own mind. When he spoke to musicians in his orchestra, he spoke in relationship terms of thirds, fourths and fifths, and many others.Within deep analysis of Mozart music, musical scholars have discovered distinct similarities within his composition technique. According to Rowel, initially Nothing a Mozart composition, Mozart introduces a primary different pitch using mathematical transposition. After this, a second melodic theme is created. Returning to the initial hem, Mozart spirals the melody through a number of pitch changes, and returns the listener to the original pitch that began their Journey. Mozart comprehension of mathematics and melody is inequitable to other composers. His is clearly evident in one of his most famous works, his symphony number forty in 3-minor (Ferreira, 1991). Introit the structure of musical relationship these aforementioned musicians could not have achieved their musical aspirations. Pythagorean theories created the basis for their musical endeavourers. Mathematical music would not have been produced without these theories. Without edibility, consequently, music has no value, unless the relationship between written and performed music is so clearly defined, that it achieves a new sense of mental audibility to the Pythagorean skilled listener..As clearly stated above, Pythagoras correlation between music and numbers influenced musical members in every aspect of musical creation. His conceptualization and experimentation molded modern musical practices, instruments, and music itself into what it is today. What Pythagoras found so Needful was that his elegant, abstract train of thought produced something that people everywhere already knew o be aesthetically pleasing.Ultimately music is how our brains interpret the arithmetic, or the sounds, or the nerve impulses and how our interpretation matches what the performers, instrument makers, and composers thought they were doing during their respective creation. Pythagoras simply mathematical a foundation for these occurrences. He had discovered a connection between arithmetic and aesthetics, between the natural world and the human soul. Perhaps the same unifying principle could be applied elsewhere; and where better to try then with the puzzle of the heavens themselves. (Ferreira, 1983).